Lagplon Echinodermata

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Pesquisadores deveriam citar esta obra da seguinte maneira:

Ameziane N. 2006. in Payri C. & Richer de Forges B., 2006. Compendium of marine species from New Caledonia. Doc. Sci. Tech. II7 volume spécial, IRD:295-305

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

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Palavras-chave

biota; oceans; location; environment; organismes marins; vivants; biodiversité des récifs coralliens; prélèvements; échinodermes; plongée; asteroidea; étoiles de mer; starfish; crinoidea; crinoides; crinoid; Echnoidea; oursins; urchins; holothuroidea; holothuries; holothuria; concombres de mer; sea cucumbers; ophiuroidea; ophiures; brittle star; NC; NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE; NEW CALEDONIA; PF; POLYNÉSIE FRANCAISE; FRENCH POLYNESIA; Occurrence; Specimen

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Cobertura Geográfica

IRD sampling regions in various : New Caledonia French Polynesia

Cobertura Taxonômica

The Asteroidea is one of the largest and most familiar classes within the Phylum Echinodermata. These animals, commonly known as sea stars or starfishes, form a diverse and speciose group. There are approximately 1600 extant species (Hyman 1955; Clark 1977; Clark and Downey 1992) which are found throughout the world's oceans. Following the classification of Blake (1987), these species are grouped into seven orders: Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida and Velatida. Like other echinoderms, asteroids are important members of many marine benthic communities. They can be voracious predators, having significant impacts on community structure. For example, Paine (1966) used Pisaster ochraceus to illustrate his concept of the role keystone species play in community ecology. The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, is particularly well-known because it can cause extreme detrimental effects to coral reefs, particularly during population outbreaks (Moran 1988). Extract from Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/Asteroidea

Comatulida is an order of crinoids. Members of this order are known as feather stars and, unlike the majority of crinoids, do not have a stalk as adults. The oral surface with the mouth is facing upwards and is surrounded by five, often divided rays with feathery pinnules. Comatulids live on the seabed and on reefs in tropical and temperate waters and are suspension feeders.

Sea urchins or urchins, sometimes called sea hedgehogs, are small, spiny, globular animals which, with their close kin, such as sand dollars, constitute the class Echinoidea of the echinoderm phylum. There are c. 950 species of echinoids inhabiting all oceans from the intertidal to 5000 meters deep. Their shell, or "test", is round and spiny, typically from 3 to 10 cm (1.2 to 3.9 in) across. Common colors include black and dull shades of green, olive, brown, purple, blue, and red. They move slowly, feeding mostly on algae. Sea otters, wolf eels, triggerfish, and other predators feed on them.

The Holothuroidea, or sea cucumbers, are an abundant and diverse group of worm-like and usually soft-bodied echinoderms. They are found in nearly every marine environment, but are most diverse on tropical shallow-water coral reefs. They range from the intertidal, where they may be exposed briefly at low tide, to the floor of the deepest oceanic trenches. The oldest undoubted fossils of sea cucumbers are of isolated spicules from the Silurian (ca. 400 million years ago; Gilliland, 1993). Considerable diversification has occurred since then with about 1400 living species in a variety of forms. Some of these are about 20 cm in length, though adults of some diminutive species may not exceed a centimeter, while one large species can reach lengths of 5 m (Synapta maculata). Several species can swim and there are even forms that live their entire lives as plankton, floating with the ocean currents. Economically, sea cucumbers are important in two main ways. First, some species produce toxins that are of interest to pharmaceutical firms seeking to learn their medical value. Some compounds isolated to date exhibit antimicrobial activity or act as anti-inflammatory agents and anticoagulants. Second, as a gourmet food item in the orient, they form the basis of a multimillion-dollar industry that processes the body wall for sale as beche-de-mer or trepang. However, the high value of some species, the ease with which such shallow-water forms can be collected and their top-heavy age structures all contribute to over-exploitation and collapse of the fisheries in some regions. Fishermen in the Pacific islands use the toxins, some of which act as respiratory inhibitors, to entice fish and octopus from crevices so that they may be more easily speared. Furthermore, the sticky Cuvierian tubules (see description below) are placed over bleeding wounds as a bandage. Extract from Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/Holothuroidea

Brittle stars or ophiuroids are echinoderms in the class Ophiuroidea closely related to starfish. They crawl across the seafloor using their flexible arms for locomotion. The ophiuroids generally have five long slender, whip-like arms which may reach up to 60 centimetres (24 in) in length on the largest specimens. They are also known as serpent stars. Ophiuroidea contains two large clades, Ophiurida (brittle stars) and Euryalida (basket stars).

Cobertura Temporal

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Métodos de Amostragem

Collections are made by hand during the dives. Collected specimens are then sorted in laboratory and labelled. Specimens are preserved in ethanol as vouchers. Tissue collections are made from fragments removed from the vouchers and preserved ethanol for further DNA analyses. When possible, in situ photographs of the species habit are taken before sampling. Various information (georeferences, taxonomy and photos) are then computed in the Lagplon database.

Descrição dos passos do método:

1. Taxonomic identifications are made from morphoanatomical studies and with the available specialized literature, references can be found in the world database WORMS.

Dados de Coleção

Metadados Adicionais